La forma en que podemos calcular la fuerza de atracción o repulsión entre las cargas eléctricas está establecida por lo que llamamos la Ley de Coulomb.

Verificase que la fuerza de atracción o repulsión entre dos cargas eléctricas de dimensiones reducidas (llamadas puntuales) depende, tanto de los valores de estas cargas, como de la distancia que las separa.

Como se muestra en la figura 1, con d la distancia entre estas cargas y Q1, Q2 los valores de las cargas medidas en Coulombs (C), la fórmula puede calcular la fuerza que se manifiesta entre ellos (llamada F).

 


 

 

 

 

Tenga en cuenta que, según esta fórmula, la fuerza está en la relación inversa del cuadrado de la distancia, lo que significa que si duplicamos la separación entre dos cargas, la fuerza entre ellas se reduce a un cuarto, como se muestra en la figura 2.

 


 

 

Como sabemos, una carga eléctrica produce un tipo de perturbación o un estado especial del espacio a su alrededor. Para caracterizar este estado o situación, decimos que alrededor de una carga hay un campo eléctrico. Este campo eléctrico se indica con la letra E y se puede calcular en cualquier punto del espacio, alrededor de una carga puntual, utilizando la fórmula:

F = K0 * [ (q1 * q2) / d2 ] (f1.1)

Donde: ko es la misma constante que la fórmula anterior

q es la carga que produce el campo en coulombs (C)

d es la distancia que separa las cargas en metros (m)

Los efectos de las cargas en el espacio, que actúan entre sí, son estudiados por una rama de la física llamada electrostática. Cuando las cargas, por otro lado, se mueven produciendo efectos que se utilizan en dispositivos electrónicos, tenemos la rama de la física llamada electrodinámica. Tanto la electrostática como la electrodinámica se pueden estudiar con un poco más de profundidad a través de los libros de texto de física de los cursos de secundaria.

Del libro "Curso Básico de Electrónica” de Newton C. Braga

 

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