El aire es un aislante hasta el punto en que la tensión a que esté sometido sea suficiente para provocar su ionización. En estas condiciones, los átomos pierden sus electrones y el aire se convierte en conductor. Para que el aire se convierta en conductor es necesario tener una tensión mínima aplicada a la que depende de la distancia entre los elementos que se manifiestan y también su formato. En resumen, existe un valor mínimo de tensión para cada centímetro de distancia en el aire que provoca la ionización, haciéndolo entonces conductor. Este valor mínimo de tensión es dado por la rigidez dieléctrica del aire la cual depende de su humedad, de la presión y de la temperatura. El centelleo es entonces la manera según la cual la descarga a través del aire se manifiesta cuando la rigidez dieléctrica de este elemento es vencida con el paso de una corriente (figura 1).

 

 

Figura 1 - Centelleo de muy alta tensión.
Figura 1 - Centelleo de muy alta tensión.

 

Para el caso del aire, en vista de sus características físicas ser más o menos constantes, se puede por la distancia máxima en que aún ocurre un centelleo tener una idea de la tensión existente entre los dos puntos. Para una presión de 760 mm de mercurio (1 atm) y una temperatura de 25C, el gradiente de rompimiento del dieléctrico es del orden de 30 kV / cm lo que significa que para saltar una distancia de 1 cm se necesita una tensión mínima de 30 cm 000 voltios, siempre que la frecuencia de la alta tensión sea suficientemente baja para dar tiempo a la ionización del aire. Es importante observar que esta grandeza varía de acuerdo con la humedad del aire también. En resumen, si una chispa saltar a una distancia de 2 cm como máximo, podemos con buen grado de aproximación decir que su tensión es del orden de 60 000 volts..

 

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