Para circular, la corriente necesita un recorrido cerrado, el cual denominamos "circuito eléctrico". En este circuito, en su forma más simple, tenemos un generador, que es la fuente de energía, un conjunto de hilos conductores y un receptor. El generador puede ser formado por pilas, baterías, la propia red de energía, etc.

El receptor puede ser cualquier dispositivo que convierta la energía recibida en alguna otra forma de energía como una lámpara, un calentador, un amplificador que la convierta en sonido, etc. En la figura 1 tenemos la representación de ese circuito eléctrico simple.


 

 

 

 

En un circuito de este tipo, las características del receptor determinan la intensidad de la corriente que va a circular, de modo que sólo transporte la energía que necesita para funcionar. En otras palabras, cuando conectamos una lámpara de 6 V en una batería de 6 V, la corriente que circula a través de ella es exactamente la que necesita para producir luz normalmente. La propia lámpara, o cualquier otra carga, presentan una resistencia y con ello limitan la corriente a un valor que ella necesita para recibir la energía del generador en la cantidad correcta,

Puede ocurrir, sin embargo, que la corriente encuentre un recorrido más corto para circular, donde la resistencia a la circulación sea mucho menor. Esto puede ocurrir si un hilo se apoya en el otro, como muestra la figura 2, acortando así el recorrido de la corriente. En estas condiciones la corriente encontrará un recorrido de muy baja resistencia, cerca de cero.


 

 

 

 

En estas condiciones, no hay nada que limite la intensidad de la corriente en el circuito y con ello puede llegar a ser muy grande hasta el punto de causar estragos. Este recorrido más corto se denomina "cortocircuito" y la corriente puede ser tan grande que puede causar daño a toda la parte del circuito en que se circuito, quemándolo, pues la energía se transforma en calor, ya la propia instalación eléctrica si la energía viene de ella.

Los fusibles, fusibles y disyuntores se utilizan precisamente para proteger los circuitos cuando esto ocurre. Cuando la corriente se eleva mucho, queman o abren el circuito, interrumpiendo la circulación de esa corriente. Observe que la intensidad de la corriente en un cortocircuito está limitada sólo por la resistencia de los conductores y que los daños ocurren sólo antes del punto en que ocurre.

 

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