I

Una carga eléctrica en movimiento produce una perturbación en el espacio de una naturaleza diferente a la producida por una carga estacionaria (estática). Una carga en movimiento produce un campo magnético.

El estudio de los efectos de las cargas en movimiento y los campos que producen se realiza mediante la rama de la física llamada "magnetismo".

Luego tenemos dos tipos básicos de campos magnéticos asociados con aplicaciones en electrónica.

Uno es el campo producido cuando los electrones que giran alrededor de los átomos están orientados para hacer su movimiento de manera organizada.

El campo que producen en el material se manifiesta y aparecen polos magnéticos en este cuerpo, es decir, se convierte en un imán permanente, como se muestra en la figura 1.

 


 

 

 

Los polos Norte (N) y Sur (S) de un imán son inseparables, porque cuando lo cortamos por la mitad, aparecen nuevos polos para que siempre tengamos un imán completo.

La figura 2 ilustra esta importante propiedad de los imanes.

 


 

 

 

Representamos el campo magnético de un imán a través de "líneas de fuerza". Estas líneas imaginarias siempre están cerradas, ya que salen de los polos norte de los imanes y llegan a los polos sur, como se muestra en la figura 1.

Tenga en cuenta que las líneas de fuerza de los campos magnéticos nunca se cruzan y siempre están más concentradas donde el campo es más intenso, es decir, en lugares donde las fuerzas de atracción son más fuertes.

Otra propiedad muy importante de los imanes, que siempre debe recordarse, es que dice que los polos del mismo nombre se repelen y los polos opuestos son atraídos.

Los imanes permanentes pueden ser naturales como la magnetita, que es un mineral que ya se encuentra magnetizado, ya que se pueden obtener de ciertos materiales que, sujetos a fuertes campos magnéticos, retienen estos campos y se convierten en imanes permanentes.

Existen varios tipos de materiales que pueden magnetizarse, lo que resulta en imanes permanentes con amplias aplicaciones en electrónica. Alnico es una aleación ampliamente utilizada en la fabricación de imanes.

 

 

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