Una corriente eléctrica consiste en el movimiento ordenado de electrones (u otros portadores de carga). En un circuito formado por una batería y un conductor, esta corriente consiste en el movimiento continuo de electrones en una sola dirección.

Por lo tanto, es una corriente continua (corriente continua = CC) o corriente continua (CC), como se muestra en la figura 1.

 


 

 

 

En una corriente alterna, los electrones se ven obligados a moverse hacia adelante y hacia atrás a un ritmo determinado por el generador (alternador).

Cuando avanzan, cruzan la carga y por lo tanto entregan la energía que transportan.

Cuando invierten el movimiento, también pasan a través de la carga y con esa energía se entrega. Esto significa que en los dos semiciclos del movimiento, la energía se transfiere a la carga, como se muestra en la figura 2.

 


 

 

 

En la red de energía, la frecuencia con la que ocurren las inversiones es de 60 Hz, lo que significa que los electrones se mueven 60 veces en una dirección y 60 veces en la otra.

La forma en que se produce el movimiento de los electrones en una corriente alterna, como la obtenida en la red eléctrica, está representada por una curva llamada onda sinusoidal, como se muestra en la Figura 3.


 

 

 

A través de esta curva podemos ver que en cada "ciclo" la corriente comienza desde la intensidad cero para aumentar y alcanzar un valor máximo que es el "pico positivo" o valor pico, y luego cae nuevamente hasta que se cancela y luego invierte dirección y alcanzar el máximo en el pico negativo.

Las corrientes alternas se producen por voltajes alternos que los obligan a circular a través de las cargas. Luego tenemos el mismo gráfico para voltajes alternos y los valores pico también son válidos.

Para voltajes alternos, generalmente se indica su valor no por el pico, sino por un valor que corresponde al efecto de que el voltaje tendría que ser equivalente a un continuo.

Por lo tanto, este valor llamado RMS corresponde a 0.707 (raíz cuadrada de 2 sobre 2), y para la red eléctrica común es 115 o 117 V.

En algunos casos, también se puede indicar el valor promedio, que se muestra en la misma figura. Para especificar una corriente alterna tenemos tres elementos:

• frecuencia

• valor (intensidad)

• forma de onda

 

Para este último elemento, debe tenerse en cuenta que lo normal de una corriente alterna es tener forma sinusoidal, pero también podemos encontrar corrientes (y voltajes) que se alternan con otras formas de onda, considerando el hecho de que invierten la dirección o la polaridad en una cierta frecuencia.

 

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