Los electroscopios son instrumentos diseñados para detectar la presencia de cargas eléctricas en un cuerpo. En resumen, los electroscopios acusan si un cuerpo está cargado o no de electricidad. Considere al lector que por carga eléctrica nos referimos a la carga electrostática, es decir, la falta o el exceso de electrones en relación con la tierra o un cuerpo tomado como referencia.

Cuando frotamos un peine en un pedazo de tejido, ambos se electrifican (electrificación por fricción), y el peine se carga con electricidad positiva y el tejido con electricidad negativa. Se puede usar un electroscopio para reconocer la presencia de estos cargos. Los electroscopios más simples son los electroscopios de hoja de oro cuya apariencia se muestra en la figura 1. En este electroscopio, dos cuchillas de oro muy delgadas están suspendidas en una varilla conductora que hace contacto con el cuerpo en el que se verifica la presencia de cargas eléctricas. .

 


 

 

El oro se usa principalmente por su maleabilidad que le permite obtener hojas extremadamente delgadas y flexibles.Si el cuerpo está cargado, estas cargas se transfieren parcialmente a las cuchillas o inducen cargas de cuchillas.

Como resultado, a medida que las dos palas adquieren cargas de la misma señal, se produce una repulsión entre ellas, como se muestra en la Figura 2.

 


| Haga click en la imagen para ampliar |

 

 

El grado de espaciado de la cuchilla nos permite evaluar la cantidad de cargas en un cuerpo. La información sobre la polaridad del cuerpo se obtiene tomando otros cuerpos como referencia de los cuales se conoce la polaridad. (Ver serie Tribe-Electric).

Los dispositivos como los transistores de efecto de campo cuya operación se basa en la acción de los campos electrostáticos permiten la construcción de electroscopios electrónicos sensibles.

En la Figura 3 tenemos la estructura básica de un transistor de efecto de campo (TEC o FET) donde entre los dos extremos de una barra de material semiconductor hay un estrechamiento a través del cual deben pasar las cargas eléctricas que forman la corriente.

 


| Haga click en la imagen para ampliar |

 

A los lados de este estrechamiento hay regiones semiconductoras y entre ellas una delgada capa de óxido aislante.

La intensidad de la corriente que puede fluir entre los extremos del material semiconductor depende de la intensidad del campo en la región más estrecha y, por lo tanto, del potencial de las regiones laterales.

La conexión de un elemento sensor en las regiones laterales (puerta) permite detectar cargas eléctricas a través de la corriente que circula entre el dreno (d) y la fuente (s).

En la Figura 4, un circuito simple de un electroscopio electrónico en el que el transistor de efecto de campo utilizado es un BF245 o MPF102.

El elemento sensor consiste en una bola de metal o un enlace de cobre de aproximadamente 2 o 3 cm de diámetro que se debe acercar o tocar al cuerpo cargado.

 


| Haga click en la imagen para ampliar |

 

 

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