Una lámina de metal por sus dimensiones y tipo de material tiende a vibrar siempre en una sola frecuencia cuando se golpea. Este efecto denominado "resonancia" se aprovecha en dispositivos denominados diapasones que sirven para producir una nota musical estándar (allí = 440 Hz) para afinación de instrumentos. En electrónica ciertos circuitos también manifiestan el fenómeno de la resonancia.

Una bobina (inductor) y un capacitor cuando están conectados en conjunto presentan propiedades bastante interesantes en relación a las señales de corriente alterna. La bobina y el condensador forman lo que denominamos "circuito resonante", es decir, un circuito que responde a señales de determinadas frecuencias de un modo peculiar. Tenemos entonces dos tipos de circuitos resonantes LC, es decir, formados por inductancias (L) y por capacitancias (C).

Circuito resonante paralelo: cuando conectamos un capacitor en paralelo con un inductor (figura 1), el circuito así formado resuena en una frecuencia que es dada por la fórmula:


 

 

 

 

Fórmula

L en henry (H)

f en hertz (Hz)

C en farads (F)

π = 3,1416 (constante)

La condición de resonancia es obtenida para la frecuencia en que la reactancia capacitiva (Xc) es igual a la reactancia inductiva (XL), como sugiere el gráfico de la figura 200. En este circuito lo que ocurre entonces es que los signos de todas las frecuencias que sean que se aplican a una baja resistencia para su paso, excepto las señales de la frecuencia para la cual el circuito es resonante que encuentran una resistencia infinita. El circuito deja pasar todas las señales, menos los de la frecuencia a la que se sintoniza.

Este circuito se utiliza en la sintonía de receptores, de osciladores, y de transmisores donde el capacitor normalmente es del tipo variable o ajustable para permitir la selección de la frecuencia de resonancia.

Circuito resonante serie: en este circuito el inductor se conecta en serie con el capacitor, siendo la frecuencia de resonancia dada por la misma fórmula (figura 2).


 

 

 

 

En el caso el circuito presenta una baja resistencia solamente para la señal de la frecuencia en la que resuena, presentando una impedancia infinita para los signos de otras frecuencias. Estos circuitos se encuentran en filtros separadores de frecuencias o de bandas, en osciladores, etc.

 

 

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