Cuando una corriente atraviesa cualquier dispositivo que presente una resistencia eléctrica, el resultado es que la energía gasta en el proceso de vencer esta resistencia se convierte en calor. Este efecto es conocido por efecto térmico o efecto Joule.

La cantidad de energía que se libera en un dispositivo que tiene cierta resistencia y que es recorrida por una corriente puede ser calculada por las fórmulas de la Ley de Joule.

La energía liberada es medida en Joules, pero en electrónica es común usar la potencia convertida en calor, que es la cantidad de energía en Joules liberada en cada segundo. Esta cantidad recibe el nombre de potencia eléctrica y tiene su propia unidad que es el Watt (W). Así, 1 W equivale a 1 Joule por segundo.

 

Podemos entonces escribir la siguiente fórmula:

P = V x I

Donde:

P es la potencia convertida en calor en vatios (W)

V y la tensión aplicada en voltios (V)

I es la corriente circulante en amperios (I)

 

Considerando que la corriente, la tensión y la resistencia están relacionadas de forma bien definida, también podemos escribir:

P = R x I2 y P = V2 / R

Donde: R es la resistencia en ohms (?)

 

Estas fórmulas son las más simples que el lector debe conocer. Para los que desean profundizar más en cálculos electrónicos es necesario hacer un curso completo o aún tener un formulario apropiado.

Evidentemente, muchas fórmulas electrónicas utilizan recursos matemáticos complejos como funciones trigonométricas, logaritmos, integrales, derivadas y determinantes lo que lleva al lector que pretende ir más allá de buscar una base matemática antes.

Muchos dispositivos electrónicos producen calor para algún tipo de uso, pero hay otros en que el calor es el resultado de su operación y por lo que necesitan ser eliminados para que no se calientan demasiado y con ello sufren daños.

Para ayudar a los dispositivos que producen mucho calor a deshacerse de él no teniendo su temperatura elevada a valores peligrosos ellos están dotados o montados en radiadores de calor, como el mostrado en la figura 1.


 

 

 

 

La función de los radiadores o disipadores de calor es transferir al medio ambiente el calor generado por los dispositivos electrónicos. En muchos casos podemos ayudar a esta disipación agregando a los disipadores ventiladores o ventiladores, como ocurre en ordenadores.

A través de esas mismas fórmulas calculamos la potencia eléctrica disipada en forma de calor cuando una corriente atraviesa una resistencia.

 

 

18.898MBMemory Usage40.95msRequest Duration
Joomla! Version5.2.3
PHP Version8.3.16
Identityguest
Response200
Templatecassiopeia
Database
Server
mysql
Version
10.5.22-MariaDB
Collation
latin1_swedish_ci
Conn Collation
utf8mb4_general_ci
$_GET
[]
$_POST
[]
$_SESSION
array:1 [ "joomla" => "***redacted***" ]
$_COOKIE
[]
$_SERVER
array:51 [ "USER" => "apache" "HOME" => "/usr/share/httpd" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/index.php" "RE...
session
array:3 [ "counter" => 1 "timer" => array:3 [ "start" => 1743751281 "last" => 1743751281...
registry
array:3 [ "data" => [] "initialized" => false "separator" => "." ]
user
array:21 [ "id" => 0 "name" => null "username" => null "email" => null "password" => "***r...
  • afterLoad (85.67KB) (229μs)
  • afterInitialise (1.14MB) (3.62ms)
  • afterRoute (123.27KB) (875μs)
  • beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.74KB) (447μs)
  • Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.45KB) (195μs)
  • After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (488μs)
  • Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (8μs)
  • After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.19MB) (19.72ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (480.08KB) (2.62ms)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (7.36KB) (29μs)
  • afterRenderComponent com_content (409.84KB) (5.34ms)
  • afterDispatch (2.25KB) (42μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (423.33KB) (1.52ms)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (15.43KB) (292μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (90μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (63.1KB) (1.16ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (10.1KB) (566μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.39KB) (66μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.39KB) (201μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.44KB) (51μs)
  • afterRender (284.3KB) (3.29ms)
  • 1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.19MB) (48.15%)
    19.72ms
    1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (409.84KB) (13.05%)
    5.34ms
    1 x afterInitialise (1.14MB) (8.84%)
    3.62ms
    1 x afterRender (284.3KB) (8.05%)
    3.29ms
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (480.08KB) (6.39%)
    2.62ms
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (423.33KB) (3.71%)
    1.52ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (63.1KB) (2.83%)
    1.16ms
    1 x afterRoute (123.27KB) (2.14%)
    875μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (10.1KB) (1.38%)
    566μs
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (1.19%)
    488μs
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.74KB) (1.09%)
    447μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (15.43KB) (0.71%)
    292μs
    1 x afterLoad (85.67KB) (0.56%)
    229μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.39KB) (0.49%)
    201μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.45KB) (0.48%)
    195μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (0.22%)
    90μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.39KB) (0.16%)
    66μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.44KB) (0.12%)
    51μs
    1 x afterDispatch (2.25KB) (0.1%)
    42μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:8 name:com_content) (7.36KB) (0.07%)
    29μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (0.02%)
    8μs
23 statements were executed, 5 of which were duplicates, 18 unique11.29ms1.52MB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;29μs968B/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:184Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `incbmx_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 188μs1.3KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `incbmx_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)228μs944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `incbmx_viewlevels`49μs656B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `incbmx_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest93μs1.64KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`237μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39)316μs7.44KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 07.58ms1.46MBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `incbmx_assets`345μs2.02KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:587Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` = 'com_content.article.7132'87μs912B/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:780Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `incbmx_content`321μs1.77KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:587Copy
  • UPDATE `incbmx_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '7132'120μs48B/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1348Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)145μs6.12KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`169μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `incbmx_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `incbmx_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)224μs3.97KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`163μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM incbmx_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `incbmx_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN incbmx_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN incbmx_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `incbmx_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC378μs6.06KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:164Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`174μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `incbmx_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1154μs656B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `incbmx_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)95μs648B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:325Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `incbmx_schemaorg` WHERE `itemId` = :itemId AND `context` = :context63μs1.55KBParams/plugins/system/schemaorg/src/Extension/Schemaorg.php:403Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)168μs6.17KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `incbmx_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 168μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:465Copy
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content
  • warningassets - No asset found for com_content.article.7132, falling back to com_content