Este circuito se destina a la prueba de pequeños capacitores. Lo que tenemos es un multivibrador astable, que funciona como fuente de señal para la prueba del capacitor. Como sabemos, la impedancia presentada por un capacitor a una señal depende de su frecuencia, siendo tanto más baja cuanto más alta es la frecuencia (reactancia capacitiva). Si el capacitor está abierto, la señal no pasa y si el capacitor está en corto, incluso las señales de frecuencia nula (corrientes continuas) pueden pasar. Para indicar el paso de esta señal y de la corriente continua tenemos una etapa adicional, formada por dos transistores adicionales y un LED indicador. Entonces tenemos una llave selectora para la prueba del capacitor: en la posición A se conecta el oscilador, de modo que la prueba se hace con la señal de corriente alterna, cuya frecuencia depende de C1 y C2. Si el LED se enciende es porque la señal ha pasado por el capacitor en prueba y que, por lo tanto, puede estar en buen estado. La comprobación final se realiza en la posición B. Si el LED no se enciende es señal de que ya estamos con un capacitor abierto o de valor muy bajo. Pasando la llave a la posición B, si el LED se enciende es señal de que el capacitor se encuentra en corto. Si el LED no se enciende es señal de que el capacitor está bien, siempre que haya encendido el LED en la prueba anterior. El autor afirma que este circuito es muy sensible, lo que permite la prueba de capacitores pequeños, pero que requiere cuidados especiales en su manejo. Así, no se deben tocar las puntas de prueba o en las terminales del capacitor en prueba, para que no haya falseamiento de la lectura. Los cables de conexión a las puntas de prueba deben ser cortos. Los transistores utilizados en el montaje son todos BC308 o equivalentes PNP de uso general, como el BC558. La alimentación se realiza con una tensión de 6 V, que puede venir de 4 pilas comunes conectadas en serie. Los resistores son todos de 1/8 W, con un 5% de tolerancia y los capacitores cerámicos, de 50 V de tensión de trabajo. Observamos que los lectores pueden experimentar este circuito con transistores NPN del tipo BC238 o BC548, desde que invierte también la fuente de alimentación y el LED indicador. El autor afirma que, con su prototipo, fue posible hacer la prueba hasta de trimmers comunes, cuya capacitancia es del orden de 20 pF. Si el montaje se realiza en puente de terminales, las conexiones entre los componentes deben ser lo más cortas posibles.

 


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