En este artículo describimos el montaje de una alarma experimental de paso muy simple, pero que proporciona una buena potencia de audio en un altavoz.

   La base de este circuito es un amplificador operacional 741 que funciona como un oscilador de relajación disparado. En la figura 1 tenemos la configuración básica de este oscilador se muestra en la figura 1.

 

Figura 1 - Oscilador con el 741
Figura 1 - Oscilador con el 741

 

 

   El disparo de este circuito puede ser controlado por un LDR en el circuito de realimentación. Cuando se ilumina, el LDR impide la oscilación y así el funcionamiento del circuito.

   En la salida tenemos una etapa de potencia con dos transistores capaces de excitar un pequeño altavoz. La alimentación se puede hacer con una fuente de 9 V o incluso una batería, aunque dada la presencia de un paso amplificador de audio el consumo elevado puede limitar su durabilidad.

   En el caso de que se trate de montaje experimental, el circuito no tiene traba, es decir, sólo se mantiene en funcionamiento mientras haya sombra en el sensor.

 

 

   Montaje

 

   En la figura 2 tenemos el diagrama completo de la alarma.

 

Figura 2 - Diagrama de la alarma
Figura 2 - Diagrama de la alarma | Clique na imagem para ampliar |

 

  

Como se trata de montaje experimental, utilizamos una matriz de contactos con la disposición mostrada en la figura 3.

 

   Figura 3 - Montaje en matriz de contactos
   Figura 3 - Montaje en matriz de contactos | Clique na imagem para ampliar |

 

   

En el montaje, observe las posiciones de los transistores y aunque sean de tipos diferentes. El LDR puede ser redondo común y los resistores de 1/8 W.

   Para probar, basta con iluminar el LDR y ajustar el potenciómetro para que el circuito no oscile. Después, colocando la mano delante del LDR, el circuito debe disparar, emitiendo sonido.

   

 

Lista de material

 

CI-1 - 741- circuito integrado

Q1- BC548 - transistores NPN de uso general

Q2 - BC558 - transistores PNP de uso general

D1 - 1N4148 - diodo de uso general

LDR - LDR redondo común pequeño

P1 - 100 k ohms - potenciómetro

S1 - Interruptor simple

B1 - 9 V - batería o fuente

FTE-4 o 8 ohms - altavoz pequeño

R1, R2 - 22 k ohms - resistores - rojo, rojo, naranja

R3, R4 - 100 k ohms - resistores - marrón, negro, amarillo

R5, R6 - 10 k ohms - resistores - marrón, negro, naranja

C1 - 100 nF - cerámico o poliéster

C2 - 220 uF x 12 V - condensador electrolítico

C3 - 100 uF x 12 V - condensador electrolítico

 

 

Varios:

 

Matriz de contactos, conector de batería o fuente, hilos, soldadura, etc.

   

 

 

 

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