Vibraciones causadas por máquinas con elementos mal fijados o mal centralizados pueden ser peligrosas incluso para la estructura de un edificio. Una manera de verificar las vibraciones e incluso tener una idea de su intensidad es haciendo el uso de un sensor apropiado. En este artículo describimos un sensor simple que puede ser usado para indicar la intensidad de las vibraciones de una máquina o de un piso de fábrica, o incluso hacer su visualización en un osciloscopio.

El circuito que describimos no es más que un sismógrafo simplificado, capaz de detectar vibraciones de bajas y medias frecuencias accionando un indicador analógico.

También tenemos una salida que permite visualizar las vibraciones en un osciloscopio, lo que es interesante para identificar picos de frecuencias indeseables.

Recordamos que la resonancia de partes de una máquina o incluso de una estructura ocurre en la mayoría de las veces en frecuencias muy bajas y vibraciones intensas y continuadas en esas frecuencias pueden ser extremadamente peligrosas.

El circuito utiliza un amplificador operacional con transistores de efecto de campo en la entrada y como transductor una bobina que se adapta como se muestra en la figura 1.

 


 

 

Un pequeño imán es preso es una pieza sensible a las vibraciones, formando así el sensor. Este sensor puede instalarse en la caja del aparato, que se apoyará en el lugar donde se desea medir las vibraciones.

La ganancia del circuito depende de R3, pudiendo este componente ser aumentado o sustituido por un potenciómetro de ajuste de sensibilidad.

La bobina puede ser el devanado primario de un pequeño transformador de alimentación, del cual el núcleo de chapas de hierro ha sido retirado.

La alimentación del circuito se realiza con 4 pilas pequeñas.

En la figura 2 tenemos el circuito completo del sensor de vibraciones.

 

 


| Haga click en la imagen para ampliar |

 

Una placa de circuito impreso para su montaje es sugerida en la figura 3.

 

 


| Haga click en la imagen para ampliar |

 

 

El instrumento puede ser cualquier microamperímetro de 100 o 200 uA de fondo de escala. En el trimpot P1 se ajusta el circuito para que la deflexión máxima del instrumento no sobrepase su fondo de escala.

Si el montador no dispone de un microamperímetro, puede utilizar el multímetro en la escala más baja de corrientes o conectarlo directamente a la salida del operario, utilizando una escala apropiada de tensiones continuas.

En esta temporada de amenazas de terremotos por todo el mundo, aunque nuestro país no esté sujeto a la presencia de este fenómeno de forma intensa, podemos utilizar este interesante circuito como sismógrafo.

Sólo tiene que conectar su salida en un registrador gráfico o, si el reproductor prefiere, en la entrada de un convertidor analógico-digital y registrar continuamente las oscilaciones que ocurren en el sensor, usando un ordenador.

 

CI-1 - CA3140 - circuito integrado, amplificador operacional

D1 - 1N4148 - diodo de uso general

X1 - Sensor - ver texto

M1 - 0-100 uA o 0-200 uA - microamperímetro analógico

P1 - 100 k ohms - trimpot

R1 - 2,2 M ohms x 1/8 W - resistor - rojo, rojo, verde

R2 - 100 k ohms x 1/8 W - resistor - marrón, negro, amarillo

R3 - 1 k ohms x 1/8 W - resistor - marrón, negro, rojo

C1 - 1 uF - capacitor de poliéster

C2 - 470 nF - capacitor de poliéster

S1 - Interruptor simple

S2 - Llave de 1 polo x 2 posiciones

B1 - 6 V - 4 pilas pequeñas

 

Varios:

Placa de circuito impreso, soporte de pilas, hilos, material para el sensor, jack de salida para el osciloscopio, soldadura, caja para montaje, etc.

 

 

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