El circuito mostrado conecta automáticamente un sistema de iluminación al anochecer y se apaga al amanecer. Su principal característica es la inercia que impide que variaciones bruscas de luz como sobras momentáneas en el sensor, o relámpagos provoquen el funcionamiento errático. El circuito utiliza componentes comunes de bajo costo.

El circuito presentado puede ser utilizado en vitrinas, jardines, y otros lugares que necesiten iluminación nocturna y que su accionamiento sea hecho de modo automático.

El circuito está indicado para todos los tipos de lámparas, ya que utiliza un relé en el accionamiento. La cantidad máxima de lámparas dependerá únicamente del relé utilizado, que en nuestro caso es de 10 A.

La temporización e inercia del circuito se pueden ajustar en función del valor de un solo capacitor.

El circuito funciona tanto en la red de 110 V como de 220 V y es muy sensible, pues utiliza como sensor un LDR común.

La corriente consumida en la condición de reposo es muy baja, no representando un aumento significativo en el gasto de energía.

 

Como funciona

El elemento sensible del circuito es un LDR común que debe montarse en un tubo opaco que apunte al cielo de modo que las lámparas que acciona no provoquen un efecto de retroalimentación.

El LDR se conecta a un par de transistores en la configuración de Darlington teniendo un circuito RC de tiempo en la entrada.

De esta forma, el circuito formado por los transistores tarda un cierto tiempo para reaccionar a cualquier variación de luz, como muestra la figura 1.

 

Figura 1- Tiempo de reacción del circuito o inercia
Figura 1- Tiempo de reacción del circuito o inercia

 

Esto es importante para impedir que el circuito responda a variaciones rápidas de luz, apagando las lámparas, por ejemplo, en el caso de un relámpago o encendiendo si hay el paso de una sombra momentánea sobre el sensor.

Los transistores Darlington tienen como carga de colector un relé que controla el sistema de lámparas.

El circuito tiene una fuente propia de alimentación que consiste en un pequeño transformador de 6 o 12 V conforme el relé usado y su entrada puede ser de 110 V y 220 V.

Un ajuste de sensibilidad permite llevar el circuito al punto ideal de funcionamiento.

 

Montaje

En la figura 2 tenemos el diagrama completo del aparato.

 

Figura 2 - Diagrama del interruptor crepuscular
Figura 2 - Diagrama del interruptor crepuscular

 

El montaje se puede realizar en una placa de circuito impreso con la disposición de los componentes mostrada en la figura 3.

 

Figura 3 - Placa de circuito impreso para el montaje
Figura 3 - Placa de circuito impreso para el montaje

 

No incluimos en el diseño de la placa el relé, pues dependerá de la carga controlada, pero nada impide que este componente sea añadido, principalmente en el caso de bajas potencias.

Los resistores pueden ser de 1/8 W y los capacitores deben tener una tensión de trabajo de al menos 16 V.

El LDR debe montarse en el interior de un tubo opaco y apuntado al cielo para evitar la luz de las lámparas que el circuito alimentado.

Los demás componentes son comunes.

 

Prueba y uso

Simplemente conecte el aparato a un conjunto de lámparas ya la red de energía apuntando el sensor a un lugar cualquiera que no reciba la luz de las lámparas.

Haciendo sombra sobre el sensor las lámparas deben encenderse, debiendo el ajuste ser hecho en el potenciómetro.

Comprobado el funcionamiento, es sólo hacer la instalación definitiva del interruptor crepuscular.

El circuito puede ser "invertido" con el cambio de posición del sensor y de P1. En este caso, se enciende cuando la luz se centra en el sensor.

 

Q1 - TIP31 - transistores NPN de potencia

Q2 - BC548 - transistores NPN de uso general

D1, D2 - 1N4002 - diodos de silicio

D3 - 1N4148 - diodo de uso general

LDR - LDR común pequeño

K1 - Relé de 6 o 12 V con 50 a 200 mA, según el transformador

P1 - trimpot o potenciómetro de 47 k (o 100 k)

T1 - Transformador con primario según la red y secundario de 6 + 6 o 12 + 12 V con 300 mA o más

S1 - Interruptor simple

F1 - Fusible de acuerdo con las lámparas

C1 - 1 000 uF x 16 V -capacitor electrolítico

C2 - 100 uF o otro valor según la inercia x 12 V - capacitor electrolítico

R1 y R2 - 22 k ohms x 1/8 W- resistores - rojo, rojo, naranja

Varios:

Placa de circuito impreso, cable de fuerza, caja para montaje, hilos, soldadura, etc.

 

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