Este texto fue retirado del libro "Instalaciones Eléctricas Sin Misterios" (2005). Ver nota al final.

La humedad es un gran enemigo de los dispositivos eléctricos. Atacando los contactos, provoca la oxidación, desgaste y posteriormente la quema de dispositivos eléctricos como tomas, interruptores, etc.

Un punto crítico en una residencia es el baño, donde la presencia de la ducha hace que la atmósfera se mantenga con un alto grado de humedad, que acaba por afectar las tomas, los sockets de lámparas e interruptores.

Con el tiempo, los interruptores empiezan a fallar, exigiendo que se apriete su palanca en un grado mayor de lo normal, para que funcione, o incluso que tengan que realizarse repetidas tentativas en el sentido de llevarlos a la operación.

Las tomas empiezan a presentar problemas de contactos, con los dispositivos (afeitadoras y secadores) fallando o incluso provocando su calentamiento si tienen un consumo elevado.

Con el tiempo estas tomas pueden deformarse causando el "desbordamiento" debido a un cortocircuito de que ya hablamos.

Cuando un interruptor de baño o toma, o un zócalo de lámpara presenta señales de oxidación y consecuente falla, lo mejor que tenemos que hacer es cambiarlo.

Este mismo problema se observa con frecuencia en lavanderías, cocinas y otros lugares donde existe el peligro de penetración de humedad o incluso agua.

También debe considerarse la posibilidad de que ocurra en instalaciones normales donde haya habido una infiltración de agua de lluvia.

   

 

 

Nota importante: Cuando este artículo fue escrito todavía no estaban en vigor las normas NBR5410 (Brasil) que establecieron diversos cambios para la manera como las instalaciones eléctricas deben ser hechas y también para el formato de las tomas de fuerza, con la adopción del tercer pino. Artículo sobre estas normas deberá estar disponible en el sitio. Los conceptos dados valen para instalaciones eléctricas antiguas, como todavía se encuentran en muchos lugares de nuestro país. Para instalaciones nuevas, los lectores deben consultar las normas vigentes

 

18.901MBMemory Usage41.1msRequest Duration
Joomla! Version5.2.3
PHP Version8.3.16
Identityguest
Response200
Templatecassiopeia
Database
Server
mysql
Version
10.5.22-MariaDB
Collation
latin1_swedish_ci
Conn Collation
utf8mb4_general_ci
$_GET
[]
$_POST
[]
$_SESSION
array:1 [ "joomla" => "***redacted***" ]
$_COOKIE
[]
$_SERVER
array:51 [ "USER" => "apache" "HOME" => "/usr/share/httpd" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/index.php" "RE...
session
array:3 [ "counter" => 1 "timer" => array:3 [ "start" => 1742117447 "last" => 1742117447...
registry
array:3 [ "data" => [] "initialized" => false "separator" => "." ]
user
array:21 [ "id" => 0 "name" => null "username" => null "email" => null "password" => "***r...
  • afterLoad (85.86KB) (179μs)
  • afterInitialise (1.14MB) (2.91ms)
  • afterRoute (179.16KB) (725μs)
  • beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.65KB) (408μs)
  • Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.5KB) (169μs)
  • After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (346μs)
  • Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (7μs)
  • After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.19MB) (20.72ms)
  • Before Access::getAssetRules (id:7894 name:com_content.article.11983) (514.65KB) (1.18ms)
  • After Access::getAssetRules (id:7894 name:com_content.article.11983) (7.38KB) (49μs)
  • afterRenderComponent com_content (365.1KB) (6.55ms)
  • afterDispatch (2.25KB) (43μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (359.33KB) (1.62ms)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (79.43KB) (314μs)
  • beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (94μs)
  • afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (64.98KB) (1.22ms)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (10.1KB) (666μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.39KB) (63μs)
  • beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.39KB) (206μs)
  • afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.75KB) (50μs)
  • afterRender (249.73KB) (3.44ms)
  • 1 x After Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (16.19MB) (50.43%)
    20.72ms
    1 x afterRenderComponent com_content (365.1KB) (15.94%)
    6.55ms
    1 x afterRender (249.73KB) (8.37%)
    3.44ms
    1 x afterInitialise (1.14MB) (7.09%)
    2.91ms
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (359.33KB) (3.94%)
    1.62ms
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (64.98KB) (2.98%)
    1.22ms
    1 x Before Access::getAssetRules (id:7894 name:com_content.article.11983) (514.65KB) (2.88%)
    1.18ms
    1 x afterRoute (179.16KB) (1.76%)
    725μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (10.1KB) (1.62%)
    666μs
    1 x beforeRenderComponent com_content (100.65KB) (0.99%)
    408μs
    1 x After Access::preloadComponents (all components) (107.06KB) (0.84%)
    346μs
    1 x afterRenderRawModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (79.43KB) (0.76%)
    314μs
    1 x beforeRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (6.39KB) (0.5%)
    206μs
    1 x afterLoad (85.86KB) (0.44%)
    179μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadComponents (all components) (33.5KB) (0.41%)
    169μs
    1 x beforeRenderRawModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (5.9KB) (0.23%)
    94μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_articles_category (Banco de Circuitos) (5.39KB) (0.15%)
    63μs
    1 x afterRenderModule mod_finder (Busca_inteligente) (4.75KB) (0.12%)
    50μs
    1 x After Access::getAssetRules (id:7894 name:com_content.article.11983) (7.38KB) (0.12%)
    49μs
    1 x afterDispatch (2.25KB) (0.1%)
    43μs
    1 x Before Access::preloadPermissions (com_content) (1.57KB) (0.02%)
    7μs
21 statements were executed, 5 of which were duplicates, 16 unique11.22ms1.53MB
  • SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;26μs968B/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:184Copy
  • SELECT `session_id` FROM `incbmx_session` WHERE `session_id` = :session_id LIMIT 166μs1.3KBParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:187Copy
  • INSERT INTO `incbmx_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (:session_id, :guest, :time, :user_id, :username, :client_id)121μs944BParams/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:260Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`rules` FROM `incbmx_viewlevels`48μs656B/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:955Copy
  • SELECT `b`.`id` FROM `incbmx_usergroups` AS `a` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_usergroups` AS `b` ON `b`.`lft` <= `a`.`lft` AND `b`.`rgt` >= `a`.`rgt` WHERE `a`.`id` = :guest67μs1.64KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:868Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`184μs20.2KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3,:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5,:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7,:preparedArray8,:preparedArray9,:preparedArray10,:preparedArray11,:preparedArray12,:preparedArray13,:preparedArray14,:preparedArray15,:preparedArray16,:preparedArray17,:preparedArray18,:preparedArray19,:preparedArray20,:preparedArray21,:preparedArray22,:preparedArray23,:preparedArray24,:preparedArray25,:preparedArray26,:preparedArray27,:preparedArray28,:preparedArray29,:preparedArray30,:preparedArray31,:preparedArray32,:preparedArray33,:preparedArray34,:preparedArray35,:preparedArray36,:preparedArray37,:preparedArray38,:preparedArray39)201μs7.44KBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:357Copy
  • SELECT `id`,`name`,`rules`,`parent_id` FROM `incbmx_assets` WHERE `name` LIKE :asset OR `name` = :extension OR `parent_id` = 08ms1.46MBParams/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:301Copy
  • SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `incbmx_content`343μs2.39KB/libraries/vendor/joomla/database/src/Mysqli/MysqliDriver.php:587Copy
  • UPDATE `incbmx_content` SET `hits` = (`hits` + 1) WHERE `id` = '11983'126μs48B/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1348Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)180μs6.12KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`202μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `m`.`tag_id`,`t`.* FROM `incbmx_contentitem_tag_map` AS `m` INNER JOIN `incbmx_tags` AS `t` ON `m`.`tag_id` = `t`.`id` WHERE `m`.`type_alias` = :contentType AND `m`.`content_item_id` = :id AND `t`.`published` = 1 AND `t`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)230μs3.98KBParams/libraries/src/Helper/TagsHelper.php:388Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`199μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT DISTINCT a.id, a.title, a.name, a.checked_out, a.checked_out_time, a.note, a.state, a.access, a.created_time, a.created_user_id, a.ordering, a.language, a.fieldparams, a.params, a.type, a.default_value, a.context, a.group_id, a.label, a.description, a.required, a.only_use_in_subform,l.title AS language_title, l.image AS language_image,uc.name AS editor,ag.title AS access_level,ua.name AS author_name,g.title AS group_title, g.access as group_access, g.state AS group_state, g.note as group_note FROM incbmx_fields AS a LEFT JOIN `incbmx_languages` AS l ON l.lang_code = a.language LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS uc ON uc.id=a.checked_out LEFT JOIN incbmx_viewlevels AS ag ON ag.id = a.access LEFT JOIN incbmx_users AS ua ON ua.id = a.created_user_id LEFT JOIN incbmx_fields_groups AS g ON g.id = a.group_id LEFT JOIN `incbmx_fields_categories` AS fc ON fc.field_id = a.id WHERE ( (`a`.`context` = :context AND (`fc`.`category_id` IS NULL OR `fc`.`category_id` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2,:preparedArray3)) AND `a`.`access` IN (:preparedArray4,:preparedArray5)) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`access` IN (:preparedArray6,:preparedArray7)) AND `a`.`state` = :state) AND (`a`.`group_id` = 0 OR `g`.`state` = :gstate) AND `a`.`only_use_in_subform` = :only_use_in_subform ORDER BY a.ordering ASC404μs4.81KBParams/libraries/src/MVC/Model/BaseDatabaseModel.php:164Copy
  • SELECT `c`.`id`,`c`.`asset_id`,`c`.`access`,`c`.`alias`,`c`.`checked_out`,`c`.`checked_out_time`,`c`.`created_time`,`c`.`created_user_id`,`c`.`description`,`c`.`extension`,`c`.`hits`,`c`.`language`,`c`.`level`,`c`.`lft`,`c`.`metadata`,`c`.`metadesc`,`c`.`metakey`,`c`.`modified_time`,`c`.`note`,`c`.`params`,`c`.`parent_id`,`c`.`path`,`c`.`published`,`c`.`rgt`,`c`.`title`,`c`.`modified_user_id`,`c`.`version`, CASE WHEN CHAR_LENGTH(`c`.`alias`) != 0 THEN CONCAT_WS(':', `c`.`id`, `c`.`alias`) ELSE `c`.`id` END as `slug` FROM `incbmx_categories` AS `s` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON (`s`.`lft` <= `c`.`lft` AND `c`.`lft` < `s`.`rgt`) OR (`c`.`lft` < `s`.`lft` AND `s`.`rgt` < `c`.`rgt`) WHERE (`c`.`extension` = :extension OR `c`.`extension` = 'system') AND `c`.`access` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2) AND `c`.`published` = 1 AND `s`.`id` = :id ORDER BY `c`.`lft`199μs3.92KBParams/libraries/src/Categories/Categories.php:375Copy
  • SELECT `name`,`element` FROM `incbmx_extensions` WHERE `type` = 'plugin' AND `folder` = 'finder' AND `enabled` = 1161μs1.89KB/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Helper/LanguageHelper.php:135Copy
  • SELECT `title` FROM `incbmx_finder_taxonomy` WHERE `parent_id` = 1 AND `state` = 1 AND `access` IN (1,5)111μs648B/administrator/components/com_finder/src/Indexer/Taxonomy.php:325Copy
  • SELECT * FROM `incbmx_schemaorg` WHERE `itemId` = :itemId AND `context` = :context75μs1.55KBParams/plugins/system/schemaorg/src/Extension/Schemaorg.php:403Copy
  • SELECT `a`.`id`,`a`.`asset_id`,`a`.`title`,`a`.`alias`,`a`.`introtext`,`a`.`fulltext`,`a`.`state`,`a`.`catid`,`a`.`created`,`a`.`created_by`,`a`.`created_by_alias`,`a`.`modified`,`a`.`modified_by`,`a`.`checked_out`,`a`.`checked_out_time`,`a`.`publish_up`,`a`.`publish_down`,`a`.`images`,`a`.`urls`,`a`.`attribs`,`a`.`version`,`a`.`ordering`,`a`.`metakey`,`a`.`metadesc`,`a`.`access`,`a`.`hits`,`a`.`metadata`,`a`.`featured`,`a`.`language`,`fp`.`featured_up`,`fp`.`featured_down`,`c`.`title` AS `category_title`,`c`.`alias` AS `category_alias`,`c`.`access` AS `category_access`,`c`.`language` AS `category_language`,`fp`.`ordering`,`u`.`name` AS `author`,`parent`.`title` AS `parent_title`,`parent`.`id` AS `parent_id`,`parent`.`path` AS `parent_route`,`parent`.`alias` AS `parent_alias`,`parent`.`language` AS `parent_language`,ROUND(`v`.`rating_sum` / `v`.`rating_count`, 1) AS `rating`,`v`.`rating_count` AS `rating_count` FROM `incbmx_content` AS `a` INNER JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `c` ON `c`.`id` = `a`.`catid` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_frontpage` AS `fp` ON `fp`.`content_id` = `a`.`id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_users` AS `u` ON `u`.`id` = `a`.`created_by` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_categories` AS `parent` ON `parent`.`id` = `c`.`parent_id` LEFT JOIN `incbmx_content_rating` AS `v` ON `a`.`id` = `v`.`content_id` WHERE ( (`a`.`id` = :pk AND `c`.`published` > 0) AND (`a`.`publish_up` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_up` <= :publishUp)) AND (`a`.`publish_down` IS NULL OR `a`.`publish_down` >= :publishDown) AND `a`.`state` IN (:preparedArray1,:preparedArray2)185μs6.17KBParams/components/com_content/src/Model/ArticleModel.php:215Copy
  • SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`next_execution` <= :now THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS due_count,SUM(CASE WHEN `a`.`locked` IS NULL THEN 0 ELSE 1 END) AS locked_count FROM `incbmx_scheduler_tasks` AS `a` WHERE `a`.`state` = 199μs1.37KBParams/administrator/components/com_scheduler/src/Model/TasksModel.php:465Copy